If you’re looking for effective IPL devices for hormonal hair growth, I recommend options like Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 and Pro 7, which feature skin sensors and cooling tech for safe, painless sessions. Devices such as the Ubroo with ice cooling or INNZA offer adjustable levels and rapid flashes for better results. Choosing the right device depends on your skin type and hair color, and more options will help you find the best fit for you.
Key Takeaways
- Look for IPL devices with adjustable energy levels and multiple attachments for targeted treatment of hormonal hair growth areas.
- Choose devices equipped with skin tone sensors and cooling technology to ensure safety and comfort during sessions.
- Prioritize models offering rapid flashes and full-body coverage to reduce treatment time and improve treatment consistency.
- Select devices proven for long-term, permanent hair reduction with regular use over several weeks or months.
- Consider portable, user-friendly IPL devices suitable for women and men addressing stubborn, hormonal, or long-term hair growth.
Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Hair Removal System with Venus Swirl Razor
If you’re looking for an effective at-home solution for hormonal hair growth, the Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Hair Removal System is a great choice. It offers up to two years of salon-like smooth skin, with visible hair reduction after just two uses. The device uses professional-grade technology with SkinPro 2.0 and SensoAdapt sensors that automatically adjust flash intensity for safety and efficiency. Fast flashes—up to 125 per minute—make full-body treatments quick and effortless. It’s gentle enough for sensitive areas, thanks to two reduced-light modes. Plus, it comes with a Venus Swirl Razor, ensuring you’re prepped for smooth, hair-free skin from head to toe.
Best For: individuals seeking a safe, efficient, and long-lasting at-home hair removal solution suitable for all skin tones and sensitive areas.
Pros:
- Provides up to two years of salon-like smooth skin with visible results after just two uses
- Equipped with SkinPro 2.0 and SensoAdapt sensors for automatic, safe flash intensity adjustment
- Fast flashes—up to 125 per minute—allowing quick full-body treatments with minimal effort
Cons:
- Corded design may limit mobility during use
- May require consistent use over several sessions to achieve optimal results
- Not suitable for very dark or tanned skin, despite advanced sensors
Braun IPL Skin i·Expert Pro 7 at-Home Laser Hair Removal System
The Braun IPL Skin i·Expert Pro 7 is an excellent choice for those seeking a personalized, at-home hair removal solution that adapts to their individual skin and hair types. It’s the world’s first smart IPL device that learns and adjusts over two years for permanent hair reduction. With visible results after the first use and full-body sessions in about 10 minutes, it’s highly efficient. The device features a skin tone sensor, multiple intensity settings, and attachments for different areas, ensuring safe, customized treatments. Dermatologically approved, eye-safe, and suitable for both women and men, it offers a convenient, cost-effective alternative to spa visits.
Best For: those seeking a personalized, at-home laser hair removal system that adapts to their individual skin and hair types for long-term, permanent hair reduction.
Pros:
- Clinically proven to deliver visible results after the first use, with two years of permanent hair reduction.
- Features a skin tone sensor and multiple attachments for safe, customized treatments on various body areas.
- Convenient full-body sessions in approximately 10 minutes, saving time and money compared to spa treatments.
Cons:
- Some users may experience discomfort or mild stinging at higher intensity settings, especially in sensitive areas.
- Results can vary, with some users reporting slow progress or inconsistent hair reduction.
- Adjusting the device for certain areas, like knees or bikini, may require extra effort for optimal contact.
Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Hair Removal Device
The Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Hair Removal Device stands out as an excellent choice for those seeking fast, permanent hair reduction at home, especially with its clinically proven results. It offers up to two years of smooth skin, with visible results after just two sessions and full-body treatment in only 10 minutes—faster than many competitors. Suitable for facial hair, body, and pubic areas, it features customizable settings, attachments, and a skin tone sensor that guarantees safe flashes. Users often notice significant hair reduction early on, with minimal discomfort and quick, effective treatments, making it a popular, dermatologist-approved option for long-term hair management.
Best For: individuals seeking fast, long-lasting, and safe at-home laser hair removal with customizable options and dermatologist approval.
Pros:
- Clinically proven to reduce hair permanently with visible results after just a couple of sessions
- Fast full-body treatment in only 10 minutes, saving time and effort
- Safe for facial, body, and sensitive areas with adjustable settings and attachments
Cons:
- May require pauses during extended sessions due to heating issues
- Slight difficulty targeting hard-to-reach areas like knees and ankles
- Instructions are primarily in English, which might pose challenges for non-English speakers
Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Home Laser Hair Removal Device
For those seeking a professional-grade IPL device at home, Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 stands out with its advanced SensoAdapt™ technology that automatically adjusts to your skin tone. This guarantees safe, effective treatments while protecting sensitive skin. It delivers up to 2 years of salon-like results, with visible hair reduction in just 4 weeks. The device features 125 flashes per minute for quick, thorough sessions and includes different power modes for comfort, making it suitable even for sensitive areas. Designed for full-body use, it’s a reliable option for those aiming to reduce hair growth safely and efficiently from the comfort of their home.
Best For: individuals with light skin and dark hair seeking a safe, professional-grade IPL device for full-body hair reduction at home.
Pros:
- Advanced SensoAdapt™ technology automatically adjusts to skin tone for safety and effectiveness
- Up to 2 years of salon-like results with visible hair reduction in just 4 weeks
- Multiple power modes for customizable comfort, suitable for sensitive areas
Cons:
- Less effective or unsuitable for darker skin tones and patchy facial hair
- Some users report minimal results on facial hair or coarse hair types
- Higher cost compared to off-brand IPL devices with limited effectiveness for certain hair and skin types
Laser Hair Removal Device with Ice Cooling (Ubroo)
If you’re seeking a home-use IPL device that combines effective hair reduction with maximum comfort, the Ubroo Laser Hair Removal Device with Ice Cooling stands out. It uses advanced red-light technology (600-1200nm) to target deep hair follicles safely, promoting long-term dormancy. The clinical-grade ice-touch cooling technology lowers skin temperature to 5℃/41℉ before contact, reducing redness and discomfort. With 9 adjustable intensity levels and modes for small and large areas, it’s versatile. Designed ergonomically with safety features like a built-in filter, it offers up to 999,900 flashes, providing salon-like results in the comfort of your home.
Best For: individuals seeking an effective, comfortable, and cost-efficient home-use laser hair removal solution, especially those with lighter skin and darker hair.
Pros:
- Uses advanced red-light technology and ice-cooling for safe, effective, and comfortable treatments.
- Adjustable intensity levels and modes suitable for both small and large areas.
- Long-lasting flashes (up to 999,900) provide a cost-effective alternative to salon treatments.
Cons:
- Results may vary depending on skin tone and hair color; not suitable for very dark or very light skin.
- Requires consistent use over several weeks to see significant hair reduction.
- Needs proper skin preparation and device maintenance for optimal safety and performance.
Laser Hair Removal Device for Women and Men, Corded IPL Remover with Shaver & Goggles
A corded IPL remover with shaver and goggles is an excellent choice for those seeking a long-term solution to unwanted hair, especially when consistent use is maintained. It uses advanced IPL laser technology to destroy hair follicles, leading to permanent hair reduction over time. The device features ice cooling to minimize discomfort and offers five adjustable power levels for different skin sensitivities. With two flash modes—auto for large areas and manual for precise spots—it’s versatile and efficient. With 999,999 flashes, it’s built to last for years, providing a cost-effective alternative to salon treatments. The included shaver, goggles, and accessories ensure safe, effective use.
Best For: individuals seeking a long-term, cost-effective solution for hair removal at home, suitable for both women and men with various skin sensitivities and treatment areas.
Pros:
- Utilizes advanced IPL technology for permanent hair reduction with consistent use.
- Equipped with ice cooling and multiple power levels for enhanced comfort and safety.
- Comes with a large flash capacity of 999,999 flashes, ensuring years of effective use.
Cons:
- Not suitable for use on eyebrows or around the eyes.
- Requires long-term adherence and regular treatments to achieve permanent results.
- Corded design may limit mobility during use compared to cordless devices.
Ulike Laser Hair Removal Device Air 10 IPL for Home Use
The Ulike Laser Hair Removal Device Air 10 IPL is an excellent choice for those seeking near-painless, permanent hair reduction at home, especially when dealing with hormonal hair growth that tends to be stubborn. It uses advanced IPL technology, delivering visible results in just two weeks with consistent use every two days, reducing hair by up to 96.52%. The device features dual lights for faster full-body treatments in about 10 minutes, skin sensors for safety, and sapphire ice-cooling technology to minimize discomfort. Its ergonomic design and multiple modes make it easy to use, providing a safe, effective solution for smoother skin over time.
Best For: individuals seeking near-painless, permanent hair reduction at home, especially those with stubborn or hormonal hair growth and sensitive skin.
Pros:
- Provides visible hair reduction in just 2 weeks with consistent use every two days
- Features dual lights and skin sensors for faster, safer treatments on various body areas
- Utilizes cooling technology for near-painless sessions and skin comfort during use
Cons:
- Requires regular treatments every 2-3 days initially for optimal results
- Higher price point (~$400), which may be a barrier for some users
- Potential overheating during prolonged sessions could cause automatic shutdown or discomfort
Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL Hair Removal System
Designed for those seeking salon-quality hair removal at home, the Braun Silk·Expert Pro 5 IPL System stands out with its advanced SkinPro 2.0 sensor that automatically adjusts flash intensity for safe, effective treatment. It offers permanent hair reduction on the face and body, suitable for both women and men, with visible results after just two uses. The device features fast flashes—up to 125 per minute—making full-body sessions quick and efficient. Its gentle, precise IPL flashes ensure nearly painless experiences, while two sensitive modes protect delicate areas like the face, armpits, and bikini line. A corded design guarantees consistent power for ideal results.
Best For: those seeking a safe, efficient, at-home IPL hair removal solution with salon-like results for both face and body, suitable for women and men.
Pros:
- Utilizes professional-grade SkinPro 2.0 sensor for personalized skin protection and optimal treatment.
- Fast flashes (up to 125 per minute) enable quick full-body sessions with fewer missed spots.
- Comes with sensitive modes for delicate areas like face, bikini line, and armpits, ensuring gentle treatment.
Cons:
- Corded design may limit mobility during use compared to cordless devices.
- Requires regular, consistent use over time for permanent hair reduction results.
- May not be suitable for very dark skin tones or light blonde, red, or grey hair, as with most IPL devices.
Ulike Laser Hair Removal Device for Women and Men
If you’re seeking a safe, effective, at-home solution for hormonal hair growth, the Ulike Air 3 IPL Hair Removal device stands out as a top choice for both women and men. It uses advanced IPL technology with an integrated ice-cooling touch that keeps your skin comfortable during treatments. With three modes and auto-flashing, it covers full-body hair removal efficiently. Noticeable results appear within three weeks, reducing hair growth long-term. Its safety features make it suitable for most skin and hair types, except for tattooed or over-tanned skin. Compact and stylish, Ulike Air 3 is a smart investment for those wanting convenient, painless, and cost-effective hair removal at home.
Best For: individuals seeking a safe, effective, and convenient at-home hair removal solution for long-term results, suitable for most skin and hair types.
Pros:
- Nearly painless, comfortable treatment with integrated ice-cooling technology
- Fast and efficient with three modes and auto-flashing for full-body coverage
- Noticeable hair reduction within just 3 weeks, reducing the need for salon visits and razors
Cons:
- Not suitable for tattooed, over-tanned, wounded, or pregnant skin
- Must remain plugged in during use, limiting portability
- Effectiveness may vary depending on individual skin and hair type, requiring consistent use
IPL Laser Hair Removal Device for Women & Men
For women and men seeking a painless, efficient way to reduce hair growth at home, the IPL Laser Hair Removal Device offers an ideal solution. It features advanced IPL technology with a 45°F ice-cooling contact for comfort and safety, plus five adjustable intensity levels for personalized treatments. With 999,000 flashes, it’s designed for long-term use, covering full-body areas in about 10 minutes. Clinical trials show 90% of users experience zero pain, and most see visible hair thinning by Week 3. Safe for light to medium skin tones with dark hair, it’s a cost-effective, salon-quality option for permanent hair reduction.
Best For: individuals seeking a safe, painless, and cost-effective at-home solution for long-term hair reduction on various body areas.
Pros:
- Advanced IPL technology with ice-cooling contact for comfortable and safe treatments
- Long-lasting with 999,000 flashes for extensive use over years
- Quick full-body treatments in approximately 10 minutes, saving time
Cons:
- Suitable mainly for light to medium skin tones with dark hair, limiting use for all skin types
- Individual results may vary, requiring consistent use over several weeks for optimal results
- May not be effective on very fine or light-colored hair
Laser Hair Growth Cap
A laser hair growth cap is an excellent choice for those seeking a hands-free, non-invasive solution to stimulate hair regrowth. It uses 224 LED diodes emitting red (650nm) and blue (430nm) light to boost scalp health and encourage new hair growth. The cap offers three modes—red, blue, or alternating—each with 30-minute sessions and automatic shut-off for safety. Constructed with breathable, lightweight materials, it’s designed for comfortable, long-term wear. Many users see positive results within a few months, especially when combined with other treatments. However, fit issues and unclear instructions can affect the overall experience, so choosing the right size is essential.
Best For: individuals seeking a non-invasive, easy-to-use hair regrowth solution that can be worn hands-free and targets scalp health effectively.
Pros:
- Uses low-level light therapy with 224 LED diodes for stimulating hair growth and scalp health
- Comfortable, lightweight, breathable design suitable for long-term wear
- Offers multiple modes with automatic shut-off for safe, customizable treatments
Cons:
- Fit may be too large or small, affecting comfort and targeted treatment effectiveness
- Instructions for assembly and use can be unclear, leading to potential user frustration
- Some users find the build quality, such as plastic components, to be cheap-looking or less durable
Laser Hair Growth Cap, Red Light Therapy Cap, Hair Loss Treatment System
The Laser Hair Growth Cap stands out as an effective solution for individuals seeking a non-invasive, hands-free way to stimulate hair regrowth. This lightweight, dome-shaped device uses 650nm laser diodes to photobiostimulate scalp follicles, encouraging new hair growth. Designed for comfort, it’s easy to wear during daily activities, with a simple treatment protocol of three sessions weekly for about 20-30 minutes. Users report reduced hair shedding and early signs of regrowth after several weeks. While results vary, consistent use over months tends to improve hair density. It’s a safe, portable option that fits seamlessly into a home routine, making hair restoration more accessible.
Best For: individuals experiencing hair thinning or early-stage hair loss seeking a safe, non-invasive, and portable treatment option to promote hair regrowth at home.
Pros:
- Clinically tested safe and effective with positive user feedback on hair regrowth signs
- Lightweight, comfortable, and easy to wear during daily activities or household chores
- Includes accessories like a sports cap and power supply for mobility and convenience
Cons:
- Some users report issues with battery power loss due to manufacturing or storage conditions
- LED lights may not be true red light, which could affect perceived effectiveness for certain users
- Results can take several months to become noticeable, requiring consistent and ongoing use
Laser Hair Removal Device for Women
Designed specifically for women seeking a near-painless hair removal experience, this laser device combines IPL technology with sapphire ice-cooling to minimize discomfort. It cools the skin to 41°F, making sessions more comfortable, while supporting both automatic and manual modes tailored for different body areas and sensitivities. Compact and easy to operate, it’s suitable for the face, body, bikini, and more. Results typically appear within three weeks, with full removal by eight weeks. Includes essential accessories like goggles, a razor, and instructions. Its elegant packaging also makes it a thoughtful gift for women aiming for smooth, hair-free skin with less pain.
Best For: women seeking a near-painless, effective, and convenient hair removal solution suitable for various body areas with sensitive skin considerations.
Pros:
- Uses IPL technology with sapphire ice-cooling for near-painless sessions and skin comfort
- Supports both automatic and manual modes tailored for different body areas and sensitivities
- Compact, user-friendly design with essential accessories, making it easy to operate and a great gift option
Cons:
- Not effective on red, blonde, grey, or white hair; limited to dark hair and light skin tones
- Results vary depending on individual hair and skin types; some users may see no significant change
- Requires disciplined, regular use over several weeks to achieve full hair removal results
Ice Cooling IPL Hair Removal Device for Face & Body
If you’re seeking a pain-free, at-home solution for facial and body hair removal, the Ice Cooling IPL device stands out thanks to its advanced cooling system. It delivers salon-quality results with a sleek design and easy-to-use features like manual and auto flash modes. The device’s rapid cooling to 3°C enhances comfort during treatments, making the process virtually painless. Suitable for both face and body, it effectively targets hair follicles with adjustable energy levels. Most users report significant hair reduction within weeks, thanks to its deep-penetrating IPL technology. Its user-friendly structure and cooling system make hair removal safer, more comfortable, and highly effective at home.
Best For: individuals seeking a pain-free, at-home hair removal solution for facial and body areas with a preference for advanced cooling technology.
Pros:
- Painless and comfortable treatments due to rapid ice cooling to 3°C, reducing discomfort.
- Easy to use with manual and auto flash modes, suitable for large and small areas.
- Effective deep-penetrating IPL technology that delivers visible hair reduction within weeks.
Cons:
- Corded design may be less convenient compared to cordless devices.
- Less effective on very coarse or stubborn hair, requiring multiple sessions.
- Instructions can be verbose, potentially requiring some trial and error for optimal use.
INNZA IPL Hair Removal Device with Ice Cooling for Women
For women seeking a painless, effective at-home hair removal solution, the INNZA IPL Hair Removal Device with Ice Cooling stands out. It uses IPL technology with 5J/CM² energy and a 600nm wavelength to target hair follicles, delivering up to 97% hair reduction in 12 weeks. The device offers 9 adjustable levels, 2 flash modes, and a touchscreen for easy use. Its upgraded ice cooling feature cools skin to as low as 8°C during pulses, reducing discomfort and redness. Lightweight at 300g and with 999,999 flashes, it’s built for long-term use, making hair removal safer, more comfortable, and highly effective at home.
Best For: women seeking a painless, effective, and long-lasting at-home hair removal solution suitable for various skin types and hair colors.
Pros:
- Uses IPL technology with high energy (5J/CM²) and a 600nm wavelength for efficient hair follicle targeting
- Equipped with 9 adjustable energy levels and 2 flash modes for customized treatments and better control
- Upgraded ice cooling feature cools skin to as low as 8°C, reducing discomfort, redness, and making treatments painless
Cons:
- Small flash window and time-consuming large-area treatments can make sessions longer and less convenient
- Requires regular use over several weeks to see optimal results, which may be slow for some users
- Some users have reported device malfunction or limited lifespan of flashes after extensive use
Factors to Consider When Choosing an IPL Device for Hormonal Hair Growth
When selecting an IPL device for hormonal hair growth, I consider factors like skin compatibility and hair type to guarantee safety and effectiveness. It’s also important to look at power levels, safety features, and how quickly the device covers treatment areas. These points help me choose a device that’s both suitable and efficient for my needs.
Skin Compatibility
Choosing an IPL device for hormonal hair growth requires careful attention to skin compatibility, as not all skin tones or conditions respond equally to treatment. IPL works best on light to medium skin tones because darker skin absorbs more light, increasing the risk of burns or pigmentation changes. If your skin has been tanned or sunburned recently, it’s best to wait before using IPL, as tanned skin can lead to adverse reactions and reduce safety. Tattoos or permanent makeup in the treatment area should be avoided, since the pigment can cause burns or uneven results. Skin sensitivity varies; some may experience redness or irritation afterward, especially if the skin is sensitive or compromised. Always check the manufacturer’s skin tone charts to ensure your skin fits within the recommended range.
Hair Type Suitability
Selecting an IPL device also involves considering your hair’s characteristics, as not all hair types respond equally to treatment. IPL works best on coarse, dark hair because it targets melanin, making lighter or finer hair less responsive. Fine, blonde, red, or gray hair contains less melanin, so the light absorption is reduced, decreasing efficacy. Hair in the active growth (anagen) phase responds better, meaning multiple sessions are necessary to catch hairs at the right time. Additionally, thicker, denser hair may require more treatments for noticeable results. Not all devices are suitable for every hair type; some are designed specifically for certain textures and colors. Always check the device’s specifications to guarantee compatibility with your hair type for ideal results.
Device Power Levels
Device power levels play a crucial role in the effectiveness of IPL treatments for hormonal hair growth, as higher settings typically cause greater damage to hair follicles, resulting in faster hair reduction. Adjustable power allows me to tailor treatments to my skin sensitivity and hair coarseness, making the process safer and more comfortable. Devices with multiple levels enable starting at lower settings to minimize irritation and gradually increasing as needed. While higher power can speed up results, pushing too high may cause discomfort or skin reactions. Choosing a device with a range of power options gives me versatility for different body areas and hair types, ensuring I can optimize each session for maximum effectiveness without risking adverse effects.
Safety Features Included
When evaluating IPL devices for hormonal hair growth, safety features are just as important as power levels. A skin tone sensor is essential; it detects your skin color and adjusts flash intensity to prevent burns, guaranteeing safe use. Contact sensors confirm proper placement before flashes, reducing accidental exposure. Many devices offer multiple safety modes, like gentle settings, which are perfect for sensitive areas and help minimize discomfort. Built-in safety mechanisms, such as automatic shut-off after overheating or prolonged use, protect both your skin and the device. Additionally, look for certifications from dermatological or safety authorities, as these indicate the device has undergone rigorous testing and meets industry standards. Prioritizing these features helps ensure a safe and effective treatment experience.
Treatment Speed and Coverage
Treatment speed and coverage are essential factors because they directly impact how efficiently I can complete my hair removal sessions. Faster IPL devices can deliver up to 125 flashes per minute, cutting session times to around 10 minutes for full-body treatments. Larger treatment windows, like dual lights, greatly reduce the number of flashes needed, speeding up the process. Devices with auto-flash modes and adjustable energy levels let me tailor treatments to different body areas and skin sensitivities, making sessions quicker and more comfortable. The number of flashes included, such as 999,999, ensures the device’s longevity for multiple treatments. High-speed modes and broad coverage areas help me achieve thorough results faster, making my hair removal routine more effective and less time-consuming.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Effective Are IPL Devices for Hormonal Hair Growth Compared to Other Treatments?
When it comes to hormonal hair growth, I find IPL devices quite effective, especially for reducing stubborn hair over time. Compared to treatments like laser therapy or topical medications, IPL is less invasive and more affordable. However, it may not work as quickly or thoroughly for hormonal-related issues. I recommend consulting a dermatologist to determine the best approach for your specific needs, as results can vary.
Can IPL Devices Be Used on Sensitive Skin or Hormonal Breakout Areas?
Oh, sure, let’s just zap away on sensitive skin or hormonal breakout zones—what could possibly go wrong? Honestly, I’d be cautious. IPL devices can irritate delicate areas or worsen breakouts if not used carefully. I recommend patch testing first and consulting a dermatologist. Your skin’s not a trial run, so treat it like a VIP guest—gentle, respectful, and well-informed before any treatment.
What Is the Typical Treatment Duration for Hormonal Hair Reduction?
When it comes to hormonal hair reduction, I usually tell people that treatment duration varies, but most see noticeable results within 4 to 8 sessions, spaced about 4 to 6 weeks apart. It’s important to stay consistent and patient, as hormonal fluctuations can affect progress. I recommend consulting with a specialist to tailor a plan suited to your specific needs, ensuring safety and effectiveness throughout the process.
Are There Age Restrictions for Using IPL Devices for Hormonal Hair Issues?
When considering age restrictions for IPL devices targeting hormonal hair issues, I’d say it’s best to consult a professional. Generally, these devices are safe for adults, but teenagers and younger individuals should avoid using them without medical advice. I recommend talking to a dermatologist first, especially if you’re under 18, to make certain the treatment is suitable and safe for your specific age and skin type.
How Do Hormonal Fluctuations Affect IPL Treatment Outcomes?
Did you know that hormonal fluctuations can reduce IPL treatment effectiveness by up to 30%? I’ve seen this firsthand, as hormonal shifts—like during pregnancy or menopause—can cause new hair growth, making treatments less predictable. When hormones are out of balance, hair follicles react differently. That’s why I recommend working with a specialist to time treatments around hormonal changes, ensuring the best results and longer-lasting hair reduction.
Conclusion
Choosing the right IPL device can truly make a difference in managing hormonal hair growth. With so many options, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed, but understanding your needs and features like cooling technology or targeting specific areas helps. Are you ready to take control and see real results? Remember, patience and consistency are key. Find the device that fits your lifestyle, and you’ll be well on your way to smoother, hair-free skin.
